OFF THE PRESS: DIABETES RESEARCH
Diabetes in Sport & Exercise: Executive Summary
Diabetes does not affect all communities equally. In the UK, people from South Asian backgrounds, including Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities, experience a significantly higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, often at a younger age and at lower body mass index (BMI) levels than the wider population. Research also indicates that South Asian communities face increased risks of diabetes-related complications and may encounter additional barriers to engaging in physical activity, including cultural factors, health inequalities, language barriers, and limited access to culturally appropriate support. As a result, improving inclusion and participation in sport and physical activity is particularly important for addressing health disparities and supporting better outcomes for South Asian communities living with or at risk of diabetes.
Diabetes affects 5.8 million people in the United Kingdom. Of those living with the condition, approximately 8% have Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 90% have Type 2 diabetes (T2D). An estimated 3.9 million people living with diabetes require medication to manage their condition. This is important, as the Equality Act 2010 protects these individuals from discrimination because they are living with a long-term health condition that constitutes a disability under this legislation. As such, individuals living with diabetes are legally protected and must be afforded equal opportunities to participate, progress, and thrive within sport regardless of which mainstream or disability sport setting it is.
Type 1 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes among children in the UK, with around 44,000 children currently diagnosed. Evidence shows that children with T1D are less active than their mainstream peers. With very limited provision across the sport and physical activity sector, this disparity is unlikely to change without targeted action.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in adults in the UK. Evidence shows that these individuals are only half as physically active as their peers. As with T1D, the community often experiences stigma and stereotyping linked to diabetes, and obesity, which is a condition affecting 70% of people with T2D. There is also a lack of education and awareness surrounding T2D among coaches and physical activity organisations, whilst those on specific oral medications or insulin can also face challenges managing their glucose levels around exercise.
National research conducted by Breakthrough T1D, alongside studies led by the University of Exeter and University of Worcester, highlight that misunderstandings and misconceptions about T1D frequently lead to exclusion from sports. This can create environments characterised by fear, embarrassment, and a reluctance to participate. While the majority of study participants recognised the importance of physical activity, many still encountered or saw substantial barriers, including:
A lack of education and awareness about T1D among coaches and sport organisations Stigma and stereotyping associated with diabetes Challenges associated to managing blood glucose levels during physical activity Few institutional or governing body led policies for Diabetes The cognitive, practical and emotional demands involved in managing physical activity with T1D
